The Baby's Arrival Chapter 6 Study Guide Section 6-1 Labor and Birth Study Guide Answers
Having a baby: Stages of pregnancy by trimester
For a pregnant person, feeling a new life developing inside your body is an amazing experience, even though you may not ever feel your best during all the stages of pregnancy. One of the biggest changes for most pregnant people is weight gain — a meaning person conveying one babe should proceeds between eleven and 40 lbs. (5 to 18 kilograms) by the finish of the pregnancy, depending on pre-pregnancy weight, according to the Centers for Affliction Control and Prevention.
Simply in that location are many other changes too, and exactly how pregnancy affects the body can exist very unlike from person to person, and even for the same mother from one pregnancy to the adjacent. Some symptoms of pregnancy last for several weeks or months, while other discomforts are temporary or don't affect anybody the same way.
"Pregnancy is a long, 10-month journey," said Dr. Draion Burch, an obstetrician and gynecologist at Magee Womens Hospital at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.
A normal pregnancy usually lasts about 40 weeks, counting from the start day of the last menstrual period, which is around two weeks before conception actually occurs. Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters, each lasting between 12 and 13 weeks. During each trimester, changes take place in a significant person's body equally well as in the developing fetus.
Some medical experts advise that mothers and doctors should also recognize a "fourth trimester," which is the 12-week period after birth in which babies are adjusting to life exterior the womb and women are coping with motherhood and on-going changes in their bodies, according to a paper published in July 2017 in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Formulation & implantation
Almost ii weeks after a period, ovulation occurs, during which the ovaries release typically one egg, but sometimes two or more eggs. The egg or eggs can exist fertilized by a sperm cell 12 to 24 hours later release, as the egg travels downwardly the fallopian tube toward the uterus.
The sex activity of the fetus is adamant at the time of fertilization, or conception, and depends on whether the egg receives an X or Y chromosome from a sperm prison cell. If the egg receives an X chromosome, the infant will exist a daughter; a Y chromosome means the baby will be a boy.
According to the Cleveland Clinic, it takes about three to four days for the fertilized egg (or embryo) to motion to the lining of the uterus, where information technology attaches or implants to the uterine wall. One time the embryo is implanted, the cells start to grow, eventually becoming the fetus and the placenta, which is tissue that attaches to the lining of the uterus. The placenta transports oxygen, nutrients and hormones from the mother's claret to the developing fetus via the umbilical cord throughout pregnancy.
First trimester, weeks 1-12
First trimester changes in the female parent:
Significant people volition experience a lot of symptoms during the first trimester equally the body adjusts to the hormonal changes of pregnancy. In the early on weeks, the pregnancy may not be showing much on the outside of her trunk, but inside many changes are taking place.
Related: Am I significant? 12 early on signs of pregnancy
1 of the first changes is the production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone, which shows up in the blood right afterwards conception occurs. Levels of hCG tin be detected in a pregnant person's urine about a week after a missed period. Human chorionic gonadotropin is what's detected in a positive home pregnancy test.
Ascension levels of hCG and other hormones, such as estrogen, may be responsible for the waves of nausea and vomiting known equally forenoon sickness that's most mutual during the first few months of pregnancy. Despite its name, forenoon sickness can occur any fourth dimension of mean solar day.
A meaning person may also experience more tired than usual during the beginning trimester, a symptom that's linked with ascension levels of the hormone progesterone, which increases sleepiness.
Early in pregnancy, breasts may feel more tender and swollen, another side upshot of rising levels of pregnancy hormones. The areolas, the skin around each nipple, volition darken and enlarge.
A meaning person's digestive arrangement may ho-hum downwards to increase the absorption of beneficial nutrients. Just reduced mobility of the digestive system might as well trigger such common complaints as heartburn, constipation, bloating and gas, co-ordinate to the Role on Women'southward Wellness (OWH).
Many parts of the body volition work harder during pregnancy, including the heart. Center rate volition increment to pump more claret to the uterus, which will supply information technology to the fetus.
Besides the physical changes, expecting mothers may also experience emotional highs and lows in the early months of her pregnancy and throughout it. These emotions may range from weepiness, mood swings and forgetfulness, to fear, anxiety and excitement.
Related: Mood swings & mommy brain: The emotional challenges of pregnancy
First trimester embryo evolution:
A developing babe is chosen an embryo from the moment conception takes place until the eighth week of pregnancy.
During the outset calendar month of pregnancy the heart and lungs begin to develop, and the artillery, legs, encephalon, spinal string and fretfulness begin to form, co-ordinate to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).
The embryo will exist about the size of a pea effectually one month into a pregnancy, Burch said. Around the second month of pregnancy, the embryo has grown to the size of a kidney bean. In addition, the ankles, wrists, fingers and eyelids class, bones appear, and the genitals and inner ear begin to develop.
Later on the eighth week of pregnancy and until nativity occurs, a developing baby is called a fetus.
By the cease of the 2nd month, about of the fetus' main organs volition have formed, Burch said. At this stage of pregnancy, he stressed, information technology's extremely of import that pregnant women practise non accept harmful medications, such as illegal drugs. The beginning trimester is also the period when most miscarriages and nativity defects occur. Between 10% and 20% of known pregnancies end in miscarriages, mostly because the fetus is non developing normally, according to the Mayo Clinic. Studies take plant the chance of miscarriage drops significantly after the 12th week of pregnancy.
As early as the 10th week of pregnancy, a significant person may opt to have a noninvasive prenatal test (NIPT). This testing uses a claret sample from the female parent to analyze DNA from the fetus to help determine the take a chance of the infant being born with certain genetic abnormalities, co-ordinate to MedlinePlus. The mother can likewise find out the sex of the baby at this time, also through providing a blood sample that analyzes fetal Dna. None of these tests come up in contact with or cause any harm to the fetus.
During the third month of pregnancy, the fetus' bones and muscles begin to grow, buds for time to come teeth announced, and fingers and toes grow. The intestines begin to form and the peel is almost transparent.
Second trimester, weeks 13-27
Second trimester changes in the mother:
Past the second trimester, some of the unpleasant effects of early pregnancy may lessen or disappear every bit the body adjusts to its changing hormone levels. Sleeping may get easier and energy levels may increase.
Nausea and vomiting usually become meliorate and go abroad, Burch told Live Scientific discipline. But other symptoms may crop up equally the fetus continues its growth and development.
Pregnant people will showtime to experience more pelvic pressure, Burch said, adding that the pelvis feels heavy like something is weighing information technology down.
A more visible babe bump appears as the uterus grows beyond the pelvis, and the pare over the expanding belly may itch as it stretches, according to the OWH.
Every bit the fetus is getting bigger and the mother is gaining more pregnancy weight in the front of her body, she may also experience more back pain, Burch said. A 2020 report published in the Periodical of Personalized Medicine constitute that while most pregnant people experienced dorsum hurting, it was worse in those who were non physically active.
Former between the 16th and 18th weeks of pregnancy, a first-time mother may experience the offset fluttering movements of the fetus, known equally quickening, Burch said. It information technology isn't the showtime pregnancy, the mother is likely to experience the fetus kicking, squirming or turning fifty-fifty sooner because she knows what to expect, he said.
The 20th calendar week ordinarily marks the halfway point of pregnancy. From about xx weeks, it is possible to develop preeclampsia, a condition characterized by high-claret pressure, according to the Mayo Clinic. If left untreated, the condition can lead to serious, even fatal, complications for mother and baby. Other symptoms include rapid weight gain and swelling.
Burch encourages his patients to have a "baby-moon" — a mini-vacation or weekend getaway — during the second trimester, and he said the best time to get away is around the 28th week of pregnancy. Expecting mothers are mostly feeling pretty adept at this point, and at that place'southward a lower risk of miscarriage and premature labor. A study published in 2020 in the journal PLOS 1, establish that for hundreds of thousands of babies, their mother'south plane travel had no adverse furnishings on the baby'south birth weight or gestational age. Notwithstanding, some wellness professionals and airlines may discourage airplane travel after the 36th calendar week because at that time birth could exist only around the corner.
2nd trimester fetal development:
In the 2d trimester, the fetus will be betwixt 3 and five inches (vii and 12 centimeters) long, Burch said. Sometime between 18 and 22 weeks, an ultrasound may reveal the sexual practice of the baby, if parents desire to know this information in advance.
Related: Am I having a male child or girl? Ultrasound and sex prediction
By the quaternary month of pregnancy the fetus' eyebrows, eyelashes, fingernails and the neck form, and the skin has a wrinkled appearance. In addition, during the fourth month the arms and legs tin bend, the kidneys start working and can produce urine, and the fetus tin consume and hear, according to the ACOG.
In the fifth month of pregnancy, the fetus is more active and the mother may exist able to experience its movements. The fetus too sleeps and wakes on regular cycles. A fine hair (called lanugo) and a waxy coating (chosen vernix) cover and protect the thin fetal skin.
Past the 6th calendar month of pregnancy, pilus begins to grow, the eyes begin to open and the encephalon is rapidly developing. Although the lungs are completely formed, they don't yet role.
Tertiary trimester, weeks 28-40
Third trimester changes in the mother:
During the third trimester, equally the mother'south enlarged uterus pushes against her diaphragm, a major musculus involved in breathing. Because of this, she may feel brusk of breath considering the lungs have less room to expand, according to Johns Hopkins Medicine. A meaning person's ankles, hands, feet and face up may swell due to fluid retentivity and slower blood circulation.
A motherhoped-for volition need to urinate more frequently because of the pressure on her bladder. She may besides have more backaches and more hurting in the hips and pelvis, equally these joints aggrandize in preparation for delivery. Changes in torso shape tin also make a meaning person more unstable on their feet and more than likely to fall, co-ordinate to a 2006 study published in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Her confront may develop night patches of skin, and stretch marks may appear on her belly, thighs, breasts and behind. She may also notice varicose veins on her legs.
In the third trimester, the breasts may start to leak colostrum, a yellow liquid, every bit they get gear up for breastfeeding, according to the OWH. The babe will start to drib lower in the female parent'south abdomen.
False labor, known as Braxton-Hicks contractions, may begin to occur every bit the due date gets closer. A "nesting instinct," behavior exhibited in many mammals, may kick in as expecting parents work on babe-proofing their habitation, shop for babe items, ready the nursery and await their new inflow.
Related: Signs of labor: six clues babe is coming before long
During the concluding weeks of pregnancy, it will become harder to find a comfortable sleeping position, adding to the increased levels of fatigue, Burch said.
Third trimester fetal development:
Past the seventh month of pregnancy, the fetus kicks and stretches, and can even respond to lite and sound, Burch said. Its optics tin can besides open and close.
During the eighth and ninth months of pregnancy, the fetus gains weight very quickly. Bones harden, but the skull remains soft and flexible so the head can fit through the birth canal. Different regions of the brain are forming, and the fetus is able to hiccup, according to ACOG.
The ninth month is the domicile stretch of pregnancy, and the fetus is getting gear up for nascence by turning into a head-downward position in the mother's pelvis. The lungs are now fully mature and ready to part on their own.
The definition of a full-term pregnancy is when a baby is born later 39 to 40 weeks (information technology used to be 37 weeks), Burch said. This is considering babies born at full-term had lower risks of issues with breathing, feeding and regulating their temperature than those born earlier, according to the National Institutes of Health.
4th trimester, postal service-birth
The flow chosen the "4th trimester" begins every bit soon as nativity is over. While this can be a joyful and heady time for most new parents, it can also exist extremely challenging and stressful.
In the weeks and months after the baby is built-in, the mother's body continues to become through major changes every bit it heals and recovers from pregnancy and nativity. At the same fourth dimension, the mother must grapple with the concrete and emotional challenges of feeding and caring for a newborn, Dr. Ilona T. Goldfarb, a maternal wellness specialist, wrote for the Harvard Health Blog. "Women and their families experience substantial physiological, social and emotional changes," during this fourth dimension, Goldfarb wrote.
Despite the continuing changes and challenges that occur later on childbirth, nigh mothers visit their obstetrician merely in one case in the weeks after nascency. Many health experts concur that this lack of attention to maternal wellness in the quaternary trimester is concerning, especially considering that more than half of pregnancy-related deaths occur after the birth of the child, according to a 2018 report from the ACOG.
Fortunately, several of these experts are putting pressure on the healthcare community to provide more comprehensive postpartum care. Goldfarb recommends significant people come upward with a postpartum plan to help anticipate difficulties and how to deal with them as they pop up. She also recommends mothers speak with their obstetrician to larn more about the kind of postpartum resources they have.
Additional resources
- Mayo Dispensary: Pregnancy Week by Week
- Office on Women's Wellness: Stages of Pregnancy
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Postpartum Depression FAQs
This article is for advisory purposes only, and is not meant to offer medical communication. This article was updated on June 14, 2021 by Live Science contributor Sarah Wild.
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Source: https://www.livescience.com/44899-stages-of-pregnancy.html
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